Thymosin Alpha-1

Buy Thymosin Alpha 1: Research-Grade Immune System Peptide

Looking for a trusted source to buy Thymosin Alpha 1? Sino Research Peptide Manufacturer supplies high-purity Thymosin Alpha-1 peptide, formulated specifically for laboratory and research use. Below, you’ll find a full research overview of this immune-modulating peptide, along with everything you need to know before you buy Thymosin Alpha 1 online.

What Is Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide?

TBuy hymosin Alpha-1, also known as Thymosin Alpha, TA1, or Tα1, is a protein fragment widely studied for its potential role in the immune system. Researchers have hypothesized that it contributes to T-cell production, potentially helping mitigate and alleviate infection and bacterial spread.

This naturally occurring polypeptide is considered by researchers to potentially restore and enhance immune function. Thymosin Alpha-1 is one of the polypeptides found in Thymosin Fraction 5, a crude extract of the thymus gland.

The Synthetic Form: Thymalfasin

Since its discovery, scientists have also studied a synthetically developed form of Thymosin Alpha-1, known as Thymalfasin. Composed of 28 amino acids, similar to the naturally occurring Tα1, Thymalfasin derives from a longer polypeptide precursor of 113 amino acids, known as Prothymosin Alpha.

Chemical Makeup

How Does Thymosin Alpha-1 Work?

Initial research into Thymosin Alpha-1 focused on understanding its immunomodulating potential. Studies suggest the peptide may increase concentrations of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and cytokine production, potentially leading to increased immune responses. It may also enhance natural killer cell activity and foster expression of phenotypic markers on T cells, pointing to a multi-faceted role in immune modulation.

Researchers have also suggested the peptide may increase expression of high-affinity receptors for interleukin-2, potentially leading to more vigorous activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes.

Targeting T-Helper and Cytotoxic T-Cell Populations

Researchers speculate that Thymosin Alpha-1 may target T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cell populations. Tα1 may possibly induce differentiation of thymocytes and terminal differentiation of blood lymphocytes. Scientists posit it may elevate natural killer cell production and potentially stimulate cytokine-mediated inflammation. The peptide has also been studied for its potential to enhance macrophage efficiency and function as a modulator of alpha thrombin activity.

Buy Thymosin Alpha 1 Benefits: What Does the Research Say?

Before you buy Thymosin Alpha 1 online, it helps to understand what current research suggests about its potential applications. Below, we break down the key study areas.

Buy Thymosin Alpha-1 and Immune System Function

In one clinical study, researchers evaluated 11 test subjects with different immune system dysfunctions for their natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell levels. Immunodeficient subjects showed mean LAK-cell activity of approximately 65% compared to control subjects. After presenting Thymosin Alpha-1, researchers observed it did not significantly improve NK or LAK cell levels overall, though 3 test subjects exhibited improved LAK-cell activity by up to 30%.

Thymosin Alpha-1 and Hepatitis

Clinical trials in subjects with liver complications, including Hepatitis B and C, explored Tα1’s potential mechanism of action. For Hepatitis B subjects presented with Thymosin Alpha-1 twice weekly, researchers reported a virological response rate increase of 40.6%. For Hepatitis C, subjects reportedly showed improved results when Tα1 was combined with interferon alpha compounds.

Researchers further explored Thymosin Alpha-1’s apparent role in immune modulation through its potential engagement with toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR-9 on dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells. This interaction may initiate a cascade of immune responses, including stimulation of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). In murine models and in vitro studies, Thymosin Alpha-1 has been shown to possibly stimulate T-cell maturation, enhance natural killer cell efficacy, and reduce inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Thymosin Alpha-1 and Sepsis Research

A 2015 meta-analysis examined 12 controlled trials conducted prior to 2014 to understand Thymosin Alpha-1’s possible mechanism in relation to sepsis. Research analysts observed a significant decline in mortality rate among test subjects following Thymosin Alpha-1 introduction. Subsequent systematic reviews have supported the hypothesis that Tα1 could alleviate immunosuppression associated with severe sepsis, though these studies used small subject pools. Given the complex immune dynamics during sepsis — an initial hyperinflammatory response followed by immunosuppression — researchers suggest Tα1’s potential may depend heavily on timing of exposure.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Research with HIV

A randomized phase II open-label clinical trial involved 20 clinically stable test subjects already undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Researchers presented Thymosin Alpha-1 twice weekly to 13 subjects, while 7 received a placebo. Every 2 weeks, researchers monitored CD4/CD8 cell counts, CD45 cells, and signal joint T-cell receptor circle (sjTREC) levels.

After 12 weeks, researchers reported no significant changes in CD4, CD8, or CD45 levels in either group. However, sjTREC levels reportedly increased in the peptide group, hinting that Thymosin Alpha-1 may contribute to immune reconstitution by enhancing thymic output. This increase didn’t correspond with higher total T-cell numbers or significant shifts in naive versus memory T-cell phenotypes, suggesting a modest improvement in thymopoiesis without broader T-cell compartment recovery within the study period.

Thymosin Alpha-1 and Cancer Cell Research

One study monitored reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in mice with liver carcinoma after Thymosin Alpha-1 presentation. Researchers isolated leuko-monocytes and HepG2 cells from mouse spleens for analysis. ROS levels appeared significantly higher in isolated leuko-monocytes but apparently lower in HepG2 cells. The peptide also appeared to increase leuko-monocyte levels while possibly delaying the cell cycle for HepG2 cells, reducing their numbers.

Researchers also examined the Akt signaling pathway, which ROS influences. In HepG2 cells, they observed dephosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 following Tα1 exposure, suggesting decreased Akt activity associated with lowered oxidative stress — a change that might underpin the reduced proliferation seen in these cancer cells.

A separate laboratory study on lung cancer cells (A549) investigated Thymosin Alpha-1’s potential effects on cell proliferation, antioxidant enzyme activity, and cell migration. Findings suggest Thymosin Alpha-1 exhibits anti-proliferative action at concentrations of 24 and 48 μg/mL, reducing cell viability after 24 hours. The peptide also appeared to enhance antioxidant enzymes, including catalase at 12 μg/mL, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) at 6 and 12 μg/mL. Regarding cell migration, Thymosin Alpha-1 potentially inhibited A549 cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, alongside a possible reduction in cellular ROS levels.

Thymosin Alpha 1 vs Thymosin Beta 4

Researchers sometimes compare Thymosin Alpha 1 with Thymosin Beta 4, another peptide from the thymosin family, though the two serve distinct research purposes. Thymosin Alpha-1 research centers primarily on immune modulation, T-cell activity, and cytokine signaling, as detailed above. Thymosin Beta 4, by contrast, is more commonly studied in the context of actin regulation and tissue repair pathways. Researchers selecting between the two typically base their choice on the specific biological pathway under investigation.

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Important Research Notice

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References:

1. Immunodeficiency, British Society for Immunology. Published March 2017. https://www.immunology.org/policy-and-public-affairs/briefings-and-position-statements/immunodeficiency
2. Dominari A, Hathaway Iii D, Pandav K, Matos W, Biswas S, Reddy G, Thevuthasan S, Khan MA, Mathew A, Makkar SS, Zaidi M, Fahem MMM,Buy Thymosin Alpha 1 Beas R, Castaneda V, Paul T, Halpern J, Baralt D. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020 Dec 15;9(5):67-78. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67. PMID: 33362999; PMCID: PMC7747025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7747025/
3. National Center for Biotechnology Information. “PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16130571, Thymalfasin”Buy Thymosin Alpha 1 PubChem, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Thymalfasin
4. Garaci E. Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep;1112:14-20. doi: 10.1196/annals.1415.039. Epub 2007 Jun 13. PMID: 17567941. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17567941/
5. Eckert K, Schmitt M, Garbin F, Wahn U, Maurer HR. Thymosin alpha 1 effects, in vitro, on lymphokine-activated killer cells from patients with primary immunodeficiencies: preliminary results. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1994 Dec;16(12):1019-25. doi: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90081-7. PMID: Buy Thymosin Alpha 1 7705963. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7705963/
6. Li C, Bo L, Liu Q, Jin F. Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;33:90-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.032. Epub 2014 Dec 19. PMID: 25532482. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532482/
7. Chadwick D, Pido-Lopez J, Pires A, Imami N, Gotch F, Villacian JS, Ravindran S, Paton NI. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol.Buy Thymosin Alpha 1 2003 Dec;134(3):477-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02331.x. PMID: 14632754; PMCID: PMC1808897. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808897/
8. Qin Y, Chen FD, Zhou L, Gong XG, Han QF. Proliferative and anti-proliferative effects of thymosin alpha1 on cells are associated with manipulation of cellular ROS levels. Buy Thymosin Alpha 1 Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Aug 14;180(3):383-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.05.006. Epub 2009 May 12. PMID: 19442654. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19442654/